W.H. Auden's Poems

This blog is written as a task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the professor's blog for background reading: Click here.

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W. H. Auden
Auden in 1939
Born	Wystan Hugh Auden 21 February 1907 York, Yorkshire, England
Died	29 September 1973 (aged 66) Vienna, Austria
Occupation	Poet
Citizenship	United Kingdom United States (from 1946)
Education	Christ Church, Oxford (MA)
Spouse	Erika Mann (m. 1935, of convenience)
Relatives	George Augustus Auden (father) John Bicknell Auden (brother)

1. W.H. Auden

1.1. Early Life and Education

1.1.1. Birth and Family Background

Wystan Hugh Auden was born on February 21, 1907, in York, England. He was the third son of George Augustus Auden, a distinguished physician and professor of public health, and Constance Rosalie Auden, a trained missionary nurse with an honors degree in French. This intellectually stimulating environment fostered Auden's early literary and scientific interests.

1.1.2. Formative Years and Education

Auden's formative years were spent in Birmingham, where he attended St. Edmund's School in Surrey and later Gresham's School in Norfolk. It was during his time at Gresham's that Auden discovered his passion for poetry. He continued his education at Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied English literature. At Oxford, Auden's poetic talent became evident, leading to lifelong associations with contemporaries such as Stephen Spender and Christopher Isherwood.

1.2. Literary Career and Achievements

1.2.1. Early Works and Themes

Auden's early poetry, influenced by poets like Thomas Hardy and Robert Frost, showcased his technical prowess and engagement with contemporary issues. His first published collection, 'Poems' (1930), facilitated by T.S. Eliot, established him as a prominent voice in modern poetry. These early works often delved into themes of politics, morality, love, and religion, reflecting the complexities of the early 20th century.

1.2.2.Collaborations and Dramatic Works

In the mid-1930s, Auden collaborated with Christopher Isherwood on several plays, blending poetic dialogue with political commentary. These works, including 'The Dog Beneath the Skin' (1935) and 'The Ascent of F6' (1936), mirrored the socio-political turbulence of the era and highlighted Auden's versatility as a writer.

1.2.3. Emigration to the United States and Later Works

In 1939, Auden emigrated to the United States, a move that marked a significant transition in his personal and professional life. He became a U.S. citizen in 1946 and continued to produce profound literary works. Notably, his long poem 'The Age of Anxiety' (1947) earned him the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1948. This period also saw Auden's exploration of religious and ethical themes, influenced by his re-engagement with Christianity.

1.3. Personal Life and Relationships

1.3.1. Marriage and Personal Relationships

Despite his known homosexuality, Auden entered a marriage of convenience with Erika Mann in 1935, aiding her escape from Nazi Germany. This union, while not romantic, underscored Auden's compassionate nature. In the United States, he formed a profound partnership with poet Chester Kallman, which significantly influenced his personal life and collaborative works, including several opera libretti.

1.4. Legacy and Influence

1.4.1. Academic Roles and Honors

Auden's contributions to literature were recognized through various academic appointments and accolades. He served as a professor of poetry at Oxford University from 1956 to 1961, where his lectures attracted considerable attention. His extensive body of work, encompassing poetry, essays, and dramatic writings, continues to influence contemporary literature and thought.

1.4.2. Final Years

In his later years, Auden divided his time between New York and Europe, particularly Austria, where he spent his summers. He passed away on September 29, 1973, in Vienna. Auden's enduring legacy is evident in the continued study and appreciation of his work, which offers profound insights into the human condition and societal structures.

2. 'September 1, 1939' by W.H. Auden

Click here to read the original poem.

Video on September 1 1939 | W H Auden on YouTube/DoE-MKBU: Click here.

2.1. Introduction

W.H. Auden's poem 'September 1, 1939' stands as a poignant reflection on the precipice of World War II, capturing the collective anxiety and moral introspection of a world on the brink of conflict. Composed in the immediate aftermath of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, the poem delves into themes of political disillusionment, the cyclical nature of history, and the individual's role amidst societal turmoil. This analysis explores the poem's structure, thematic depth, linguistic nuances, and its enduring relevance in contemporary discourse.

2.2. Historical Context and Significance

2.2.1. The Outbreak of World War II

The title 'September 1, 1939' marks the exact date when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, an act that ignited the global conflagration of World War II. Auden, residing in New York at the time, was acutely aware of the seismic shifts occurring in Europe. The poem, first published in 'The New Republic' on October 18, 1939, serves as a contemporaneous response to the unfolding events, encapsulating the pervasive sense of dread and uncertainty.

2.2.2. A Decade of Disillusionment

Auden characterizes the 1930s as a "low dishonest decade," a period marred by political appeasement, economic turmoil, and the rise of totalitarian regimes. This phrase encapsulates the erosion of democratic ideals and the moral compromises that paved the way for global conflict. The poet's critique extends beyond mere political commentary, probing the ethical failures that allowed such a descent.

2.3. Structural and Stylistic Elements

2.3.1. Form and Meter

The poem comprises nine stanzas of eleven lines each, employing a loose iambic meter that lends a conversational yet solemn tone. This structure mirrors the complexity of the subject matter, allowing for a nuanced exploration of themes without the constraints of rigid formality.

2.3.2. Linguistic Devices

Auden's use of vivid imagery and metaphor is evident throughout the poem. Phrases like "waves of anger and fear" and "the unmentionable odour of death" evoke a visceral sense of the era's pervasive anxiety. The juxtaposition of "clever hopes" with a "low dishonest decade" underscores the dissonance between human aspirations and harsh political realities.

2.4. Thematic Exploration

2.4.1. The Cycle of History and Human Behavior

Auden reflects on the repetitive nature of human folly, suggesting that—

"those to whom evil is done

Do evil in return."

(Auden, “September 1, 1939”)

This observation highlights the perpetuation of violence and resentment, a cycle that history has witnessed repeatedly. The reference to "Luther" and "Linz" traces a lineage of ideological extremism, implicating cultural and historical forces in the genesis of contemporary atrocities.

2.4.2. The Role of the Individual and Collective Responsibility

The poet grapples with the tension between individual agency and collective culpability. In a society where—

"blind skyscrapers use

Their full height to proclaim

The strength of Collective Man,"

(Auden, “September 1, 1939”)

—there is an implicit critique of faceless bureaucracies and the abdication of personal responsibility. Auden's assertion that—

"we must love one another or die"

(Auden, “September 1, 1939”)

—serves as a moral imperative, urging a reclamation of empathy and human connection in the face of dehumanizing forces.

2.4.3. The Illusion of Safety and Normalcy

In the stanza beginning with "Faces along the bar," Auden portrays individuals clinging to quotidian routines, with—

"The lights must never go out,

The music must always play."

(Auden, “September 1, 1939”)

This depiction of willful ignorance serves as a metaphor for societal denial, a refusal to confront the encroaching darkness. The "haunted wood" symbolizes the subconscious fears that are suppressed in favor of maintaining a veneer of normalcy.

2.5. The Poet's Intention and Evolution of Perspective

2.5.1. Initial Purpose

Auden's immediate intention was to articulate the moral and existential crises precipitated by the war's onset. The poem serves as both a lamentation and a call to ethical action, challenging readers to reflect on their complicity and capacity for change.

2.5.2. Subsequent Renunciation

Despite its acclaim, Auden grew disenchanted with the poem, particularly the line—

"We must love one another or die."

(Auden, “September 1, 1939”)

He later altered it to—

"We must love one another and die,"

—reflecting a more cynical view of human nature. Eventually, he omitted the poem from his collections, expressing disdain for what he perceived as its rhetorical overreach. This evolution underscores the dynamic relationship between a poet's work and their shifting philosophical outlook.

2.6. Contemporary Relevance

2.6.1. Resonance with Modern Crises

'September 1, 1939' has experienced resurgences during periods of global distress, notably after the September 11 attacks and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its themes of uncertainty, fear, and the necessity for solidarity resonate with contemporary audiences facing analogous challenges. The poem's exploration of propaganda, authoritarianism, and societal complacency offers a timeless critique applicable to various epochs.

2.6.2. Ethical Imperatives in a Globalized World

In an era marked by political polarization and existential threats such as climate change, Auden's admonition that—

"Hunger allows no choice

To the citizen or the police"

(Auden, “September 1, 1939”)

—emphasizes the interconnectedness of human fate. The imperative to "love one another" transcends mere sentimentality, advocating for collective action and empathy as bulwarks against systemic injustices.

2.7. Conclusion

W.H. Auden's 'September 1, 1939' endures as a masterful interrogation of the human condition amidst political upheaval. Its rich tapestry of historical allusion, psychological insight, and moral inquiry invites readers to confront the perennial challenges of evil, responsibility, and the potential for redemption. As the world continues to navigate complex crises, the poem's call for introspection and compassion remains profoundly pertinent, urging a collective commitment to "show an affirming flame" in the face of darkness.

3. 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats' by W.H. Auden

Click here to read the original poem.

Video on In Memory of W.B. Yeats | W.H. Auden on YouTube/DoE-MKBU: Click here.

3.1. Introduction

W.H. Auden's 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats' stands as a seminal elegy that transcends conventional mourning to explore the multifaceted role of poetry in society. Composed in 1939, shortly after the death of Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Auden's poem delves into themes of mortality, the autonomy of art, and the poet's influence amidst socio-political upheaval. This analysis examines the poem's structure, thematic depth, linguistic nuances, and its enduring relevance in contemporary discourse.

3.2. Historical Context and Significance

3.2.1. The Death of W.B. Yeats

William Butler Yeats, a towering figure in 20th-century literature, passed away on January 28, 1939. His death marked the end of an era characterized by a profound intertwining of poetic innovation and political engagement. Auden, recognizing Yeats's monumental impact, penned this elegy to commemorate his passing and to reflect on the broader implications of his legacy.

3.2.2. The Onset of World War II

The poem was written against the backdrop of escalating tensions leading to World War II. Europe was engulfed in political turmoil, with the "dogs of Europe" barking in the "nightmare of the dark," symbolizing the pervasive atmosphere of fear and impending conflict. This context profoundly influences Auden's meditation on the function of poetry during times of crisis.

3.3. Structural and Stylistic Elements

3.3.1. Tripartite Structure

Auden structures the poem in three distinct parts, each serving a unique purpose:

• Part I: Depicts the immediate aftermath of Yeats's death, emphasizing the indifference of the natural world and society.
• Part II: Addresses Yeats directly, contemplating the resilience of his poetic gift amidst personal and national turmoil.
• Part III: Transitions into a formal elegy, invoking the poet's enduring influence and the redemptive power of art.

3.3.2. Linguistic Devices

Auden employs a range of literary devices to convey his themes:

Imagery: The portrayal of a "dead of winter" with "brooks... frozen" and "snow disfigured the public statues" evokes a stark, desolate landscape, mirroring the sense of loss.

Personification: Concepts such as "Silence invaded the suburbs" imbue abstract ideas with human qualities, enhancing the emotional resonance.

Metaphor: Phrases like—

"The provinces of his body revolted"

and

"The squares of his mind were empty"

(Auden, “In Memory of W. B. Yeats”)

—liken the body and mind to territories and public spaces, suggesting internal collapse.

3.4. Thematic Exploration

3.4.1. The Indifference of Nature and Society

Auden underscores the apathy of the external world to individual mortality. Despite Yeats's death,

"the wolves ran on through the evergreen forests,"

and

"the peasant river was untempted by the fashionable quays,"

(Auden, “In Memory of W. B. Yeats”)

—highlighting the continuity of life irrespective of personal loss. This theme reflects the existential notion of an indifferent universe.

3.4.2. The Autonomy and Survival of Art

The poem delves into the idea that a poet's work gains independence from its creator posthumously. Auden asserts,

"The words of a dead man

Are modified in the guts of the living,"

(Auden, “In Memory of W. B. Yeats”)

—suggesting that readers reinterpret and reshape a poet's words, granting them new life and relevance. This aligns with the concept of the "death of the author," where the creator's intentions become secondary to the audience's interpretation.

3.4.3. The Role of Poetry in Society

Auden provocatively claims,

"For poetry makes nothing happen: it survives."

(Auden, “In Memory of W. B. Yeats”)

This statement has sparked extensive debate regarding poetry's efficacy in enacting social or political change. While poetry may not directly influence events, its survival offers solace, insight, and a means of articulating the human condition. It serves as "a way of happening, a mouth," providing a voice to collective experiences and emotions.

3.5. The Poet's Intention and Evolution of Perspective

3.5.1. Auden's Reflection on Yeats's Legacy

Auden presents a nuanced portrayal of Yeats, acknowledging his flaws by stating, "You were silly like us," yet celebrating his enduring gift: "Your gift survived it all." This duality reflects the complexity of artistic legacies, where personal imperfections coexist with creative brilliance.

3.5.2. The Transformative Power of Art

In the final section, Auden elevates the role of the poet, urging Yeats to—

"follow right

To the bottom of the night"

and to—

"make a vineyard of the curse."

(Auden, “In Memory of W. B. Yeats”)

Here, he emphasizes the poet's capacity to transmute suffering into art, offering healing and guidance. The imperative to "teach the free man how to praise" suggests that poetry fosters appreciation and resilience, even amidst adversity.

3.6. Contemporary Relevance

3.6.1. Resonance with Modern Crises

The themes explored in 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats' remain pertinent in contemporary times. In an era marked by political instability, social fragmentation, and global challenges, the poem's reflection on the enduring value of art offers a poignant reminder of the solace and understanding that poetry can provide. Auden's assertion that poetry "survives" resonates with the continued relevance of artistic expression as a means of navigating and interpreting the complexities of modern life.

3.6.2. The Enduring Influence of the Poet

Auden's meditation on the posthumous life of a poet's work invites reflection on how contemporary audiences engage with literary legacies. As readers reinterpret and find new meanings in poetic works, they contribute to the evolving discourse surrounding art and its impact. This dynamic interaction underscores the timeless dialogue between the poet, the poem, and the reader.

3.7. Conclusion

W.H. Auden's 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats' transcends the traditional elegy, offering a profound exploration of mortality, the independence of art, and the societal role of poetry. Through its rich imagery, structural complexity, and thematic depth, the poem delves into the transient nature of life and the enduring impact of artistic expression. Auden's nuanced portrayal of Yeats reflects on the inevitable separation between the poet and their work, emphasizing how poetry acquires a life of its own, subject to the interpretations and emotions of its readers. This dynamic underscores the resilience of art amidst societal and political upheavals, highlighting poetry's capacity to provide solace, insight, and a means of articulating the human condition. In contemporary times, as we navigate complex global challenges, Auden's meditation serves as a poignant reminder of the indispensable role of art in fostering empathy, understanding, and collective reflection.

4. 'Epitaph on a Tyrant' by W.H. Auden

Click here to read the original poem.

Video on Epitaph on a Tyrant | W H Auden on YouTube/DoE-MKBU: Click here.

4.1. Introduction

Wystan Hugh Auden, a luminary of 20th-century poetry, often grappled with themes of politics, morality, and human nature. His succinct yet profound poem, 'Epitaph on a Tyrant,' encapsulates the essence of despotic rule in a mere six lines. Composed in 1939, a period marked by the ominous rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, the poem serves as a timeless reflection on the characteristics and consequences of tyranny.

4.2. Historical Context

The late 1930s were turbulent times, with figures like Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini casting long shadows over Europe. Auden, having spent time in Berlin during Hitler's ascent, bore witness to the insidious nature of authoritarianism. This proximity to burgeoning despotism profoundly influenced his work, prompting him to craft pieces that scrutinized the anatomy of tyranny. 'Epitaph on a Tyrant' emerges from this milieu, offering a concise yet potent commentary on dictatorial power.

4.3. Structural and Stylistic Elements

4.3.1. Form and Rhyme Scheme

The poem is structured as a single stanza of six lines, adhering to an ABBCAC rhyme scheme. This seemingly simple arrangement belies the depth of its content, with the rhyme serving to unify the poem's thematic elements. The epitaphic form traditionally commemorates the deceased, but here, Auden subverts it to critique rather than celebrate, highlighting the tyrant's malevolent legacy.

4.3.2. Language and Tone

Auden employs plain yet evocative language, rendering the poem accessible while imbuing it with irony and gravity. The tone oscillates between detached observation and sharp condemnation, mirroring the duplicitous nature of tyrants who mask cruelty with charisma.

4.4. Thematic Exploration

4.4.1. The Pursuit of Perfection

The opening line,

"Perfection, of a kind, was what he was after,"

(Auden, “Epitaph on a Tyrant”)

—delves into the tyrant's obsession with an idealized order. This "perfection" is subjective and often entails the suppression of dissent and diversity. Historically, dictators have wielded this pursuit to justify heinous acts, enforcing homogeneity under the guise of societal betterment.

4.4.2. Manipulation of Art and Propaganda

"And the poetry he invented was easy to understand;"

(Auden, “Epitaph on a Tyrant”)

—suggests the tyrant's use of art as a tool for propaganda. By simplifying complex ideas into digestible slogans, the despot ensures his ideology permeates the masses without encouraging critical thought. This manipulation of art serves to entrench his power, stifling genuine creativity and dissent.

4.4.3. Exploitation of Human Folly

Auden writes,

"He knew human folly like the back of his hand,"

(Auden, “Epitaph on a Tyrant”)

—indicating the tyrant's acute awareness of human weaknesses. This knowledge enables him to exploit fears, prejudices, and desires, manipulating public sentiment to maintain control. By presenting himself as the solution to fabricated or exaggerated problems, the tyrant secures unwavering loyalty.

4.4.4. Militaristic Obsession

The line,

"And was greatly interested in armies and fleets;"

(Auden, “Epitaph on a Tyrant”)

—underscores the despot's fixation on military might. This preoccupation not only serves as a means of external aggression but also as a tool for internal suppression. The glorification of the military fosters a culture of fear and obedience, quelling potential uprisings and dissent.

4.4.5. Cult of Personality

"When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter;"

(Auden, “Epitaph on a Tyrant”)

—highlights the sycophantic behavior of those in the tyrant's inner circle. Their forced mirth reflects a culture where genuine emotions are suppressed in favor of appeasing the despot. This environment breeds hypocrisy and erodes moral integrity, as individuals prioritize self-preservation over truth.

4.4.6. The Tyrant's Wrath

The concluding line,

"And when he cried the little children died in the streets,"

(Auden, “Epitaph on a Tyrant”)

—juxtaposes the tyrant's feigned sorrow with real-world consequences. His displays of emotion, whether genuine or manipulative, precipitate widespread suffering. This stark imagery serves as a poignant reminder of the collateral damage wrought by despotic whims.

4.5. Socio-Political Commentary

Auden's portrayal transcends specific historical figures, offering a universal critique of despotism. The poem dissects the mechanisms by which tyrants ascend and maintain power: the distortion of art, exploitation of societal fears, militarization, and the cultivation of a subservient elite. These elements coalesce to create a regime wherein the tyrant's psyche directly influences the populace's fate.

4.6. Contemporary Relevance

Despite its 1939 origin, 'Epitaph on a Tyrant' resonates in today's political landscape. The poem serves as a cautionary tale, illuminating the red flags of emerging autocracy. In an era where misinformation can be weaponized, and charismatic leaders may exploit societal divisions, Auden's insights remain pertinent. The poem implores readers to remain vigilant, question oversimplified narratives, and uphold democratic principles.

4.7. Conclusion

W.H. Auden's 'Epitaph on a Tyrant' masterfully encapsulates the anatomy of tyranny within a concise poetic framework. Through astute observations and evocative language, Auden dissects the multifaceted nature of despotism, offering insights that transcend temporal and geographical boundaries. The poem stands as both a historical artifact and a timeless admonition, urging societies to recognize and resist the insidious allure of authoritarianism.

5. Comparative Analysis of W.H. Auden's Selected Poems

Aspect	"September 1, 1939"	"In Memory of W.B. Yeats"	"Epitaph on a Tyrant"
Poetic Style	Nine stanzas of eleven lines each; free verse with a conversational tone.	Three-part structure; varied forms including elegiac and reflective tones.	Single six-line stanza; concise and epigrammatic.
Themes	Reflections on the onset of World War II; individual and collective responsibility; critique of political complacency.	Elegy for W.B. Yeats; exploration of poetry's role in society; interplay between art and politics.	Examination of tyrannical power; manipulation and oppression; moral and ethical implications of despotism.
Language and Imagery	Vivid imagery depicting societal decay; use of symbolism to convey political and moral concerns.	Rich metaphors and personification; contemplative language reflecting on mortality and artistic legacy.	Succinct and potent language; ironic contrasts highlighting the tyrant's cruelty and facade.
Socio-Political Context	Written at the brink of World War II; addresses the global political climate and the rise of totalitarianism.	Composed upon Yeats's death in 1939; reflects on the poet's influence amid turbulent political times.	Likely inspired by contemporary dictators; serves as a timeless critique of authoritarian regimes.
Relevance Today	Resonates with contemporary discussions on political ethics, leadership, and societal responsibility.	Continues to inspire discourse on the impact of art and artists in times of political unrest.	Offers insights into the characteristics of tyranny, relevant to modern analyses of power and governance.

6. Worksheet

References

Auden, W. H. “Epitaph on a Tyrant.” Poets.org, 1940, poets.org/poem/epitaph-tyrant. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

---. “In Memory of W. B. Yeats.” Poets.org, 1939, poets.org/poem/memory-w-b-yeats. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

---. “September 1, 1939.” Poets.org, 1939, poets.org/poem/september-1-1939. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

Barad, Dilip. “Epitaph on a Tyrant | W H Auden | 2021 05 05 | Sem 2 Hybrid Classes.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 5 May 2012, youtu.be/ZnqPB0mjoq8. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

---. “In Memory of W.B. Yeats | W.H. Auden | Sem 2: Hybrid Classes | 2021 05 07.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 7 May 2021, youtu.be/L-85uCBN0SI. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

---. “September 1 1939 | W H Auden | Sem 2 Hybrid Classes 2021 05 06.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 6 May 2021, youtu.be/VmGlS-ZT8MU. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

---. “W.H. Auden’s Poems.” Dilip Barad | Teacher Blog, 22 May 2021, blog.dilipbarad.com/2021/05/wh-auden-poems.html. Accessed 24 Feb. 2025.

Thank you!